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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Immunotherapy Toxicities.

Katherine Sanchez1, David B Page1, Walter Urba1

  • 1Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, 4805 Northeast Glisan Street, North Pavilion, 2N, Portland, OR 97213, USA.

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|May 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a widely used immunotherapy. This review details their unique immune-related adverse events, mechanisms, and management strategies for better patient care.

Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors side effectsImmune-related adverse events (irAE)Mechanisms of irAET cell mediated toxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a major class of FDA-approved immunotherapies targeting T-cell regulatory molecules.
  • These therapies are associated with unique immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting various organ systems.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying irAEs are still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the toxicities associated with ICIs.
  • To explore the potential mechanisms of action for irAEs.
  • To review management strategies and clinical considerations for ICI-related toxicities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immune checkpoint inhibitors and their toxicities.
  • Analysis of current evidence regarding the mechanisms of immune-related adverse events.
  • Compilation of management strategies and clinical considerations.

Main Results:

  • ICIs, while effective, can cause a range of irAEs.
  • T-cell activation is implicated in irAEs, with other immune components also potentially involved.
  • Management strategies are evolving, requiring careful clinical consideration.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ICI toxicities and their mechanisms is crucial for safe and effective immunotherapy.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathogenesis of irAEs.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing patients on ICI therapy.