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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
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Fine-grained Material Associated with a Large Sulfide returned from Comet 81P/Wild 2.

Z Gainsforth1, A J Westphal1, A L Butterworth1

  • 1Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Meteoritics & Planetary Science
|May 14, 2019
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Researchers discovered fine-grained material (FGM) on comet 81P/Wild 2, similar to interplanetary dust particles. This material, found with a sulfide particle, offers clues about cometary composition and early solar system heating events.

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Area of Science:

  • * Cosmochemistry and Planetary Science.
  • * Analysis of extraterrestrial materials from comets.

Background:

  • * The Stardust mission successfully returned samples from comet 81P/Wild 2.
  • * Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) provide insights into solar system formation and evolution.
  • * Chondritic-porous IDPs (CP-IDPs) are a significant component of dust collected from comets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To analyze a large particle returned from comet 81P/Wild 2.
  • * To characterize fine-grained material (FGM) found in contact with a sulfide particle.
  • * To compare the FGM with known components of CP-IDPs and investigate the sulfide's properties.

Main Methods:

  • * Consortium analysis of a cometary sample returned by the Stardust spacecraft.
  • * Microscopic and compositional examination of FGM and associated sulfide particle.
  • * Comparison of observed characteristics with established data for GEMS and EAs.

Main Results:

  • * Discovery of FGM in contact with a large sulfide particle within the comet sample.
  • * Some FGM particles exhibit characteristics similar to glass with embedded metals and sulfides (GEMS) and equilibrated aggregates (EAs).
  • * The sulfide particle contains Ni-rich lamellae, suggesting a post-formation heating event.

Conclusions:

  • * The FGM represents components similar to those found in chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs).
  • * The presence of protected FGM suggests successful capture mechanisms in aerogel.
  • * The Ni-rich lamellae in the sulfide indicate a potential long-duration heating event in the early solar system prior to cometary incorporation.