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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
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Arid3a regulates mesoderm differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Melissa Popowski1,2, Bum-Kyu Lee1,2, Cathy Rhee3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, USA.

Journal of Stem Cell Therapy and Transplantation
|May 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The transcription factor ARID3A is essential for regulating embryonic stem cell differentiation. ARID3A deficiency accelerates differentiation and impacts mesoderm development, revealing its critical role in early development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Stem cell differentiation is crucial for understanding development.
  • The transcription factor ARID3A is known to be vital for trophectoderm and hematopoietic development.
  • The role of ARID3A in regulating differentiation timing and lineage commitment remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of ARID3A in embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ARID3A's role in early development.
  • To determine the impact of ARID3A deficiency on mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineage commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and characterization of Arid3a null embryonic stem cells.
  • In vitro differentiation into embryoid bodies (EBs).
  • Gene expression analysis during differentiation.
  • In vivo teratoma formation assays.
  • Phenotypic analysis of Arid3a deficient mice.

Main Results:

  • Arid3a null ES cells maintained an undifferentiated state and formed teratomas.
  • Arid3a null ES cells exhibited accelerated differentiation in vitro, forming cystic EBs.
  • Gene expression analysis revealed spontaneous differentiation into mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages in Arid3a nulls.
  • Older Arid3a deficient mice displayed kidney abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • ARID3A is critical for regulating the timing of embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • ARID3A plays a key role in mesoderm lineage commitment.
  • ARID3A deficiency leads to developmental abnormalities, particularly in the kidney, later in life.