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Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Planarian as an Animal Model for Experimental Acute Seizure
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Evaluation of Selective 5-HT2C Agonists in Acute Seizure Models.

Leonardo B Silenieks1,2, Nicole K Carroll2, Annalise Van Niekerk2

  • 1Intervivo Solutions Inc , Toronto , ON M5A 4K2 , Canada.

ACS Chemical Neuroscience
|May 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Fenfluramine shows limited anticonvulsant effects in preclinical seizure models, despite its use in treating severe childhood epilepsies like Dravet syndrome. Further research in early-life or genetic models may be needed to understand its epilepsy benefits.

Keywords:
CP-809101Dravet syndromeLennox-Gastaut syndromeLorcaserinepilepsyfenfluraminetranslation

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A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Fenfluramine, a 5-HT releaser/reuptake inhibitor, benefits severe childhood epilepsies (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut syndromes).
  • Many fenfluramine effects depend on 5-HT2C receptor activation, suggesting potential anticonvulsant properties.
  • 5-HT2C receptor agonists are explored for their antiseizure potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate fenfluramine and various 5-HT2C receptor agonists for anticonvulsant activity.
  • To assess these agents in established acute seizure models in rodents.
  • To investigate the role of 5-HT2C receptor activation in seizure control.

Main Methods:

  • Tested fenfluramine, mCPP, Ro 60-0175, lorcaserin, and CP-809101 in rat and mouse seizure models.
  • Included maximal electroshock seizure (MES), MES threshold, 6 Hz electrical convulsive seizure, and pentylenetetrazole tests.
  • Examined effects against electrically evoked seizures in amygdala-kindled rats.

Main Results:

  • No clear class-related anticonvulsant effect was observed for 5-HT2C agonists at effective doses.
  • Fenfluramine demonstrated a minor antiseizure effect, inhibiting MES-induced tonic seizures in rats.
  • Preclinical acute seizure tests and amygdala kindling model did not reliably show fenfluramine's antiseizure efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Current preclinical findings do not support a consistent antiseizure effect of fenfluramine via 5-HT2C receptor activation in adult rodent models.
  • The efficacy of fenfluramine in human epilepsies like Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes may involve mechanisms not captured by these models.
  • Future research should consider early-life or genetic epilepsy models for better construct validity.