Domoic Acid and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning - A Review

Area of Science:

• Marine biology
• Neurotoxicology
• Food safety

Background:

• Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is a human health issue linked to domoic acid consumption.
• The 1987 Prince Edward Island outbreak involved 107 cases of ASP from contaminated mussels.
• Domoic acid is a potent neurotoxin produced by specific marine diatoms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To describe the 1987 amnesic shellfish poisoning outbreak.
• To identify the source and pathway of domoic acid toxicity.
• To review the human health impacts and control measures for ASP.

Main Methods:

• Epidemiological investigation of human cases.
• Identification of domoic acid in shellfish and marine organisms.
• Analysis of mussel digestive systems for toxin source.

Main Results:

• 107 human cases of ASP reported, with neurological symptoms including memory loss.
• Domoic acid identified in mussels from Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries.
• Three fatalities and long-term memory deficits observed in severely affected individuals.
• Control mechanisms implemented in Canada to limit shellfish toxin levels.

Conclusions:

• Domoic acid poses a significant neurotoxic risk through shellfish consumption.
• Filter-feeding organisms can accumulate toxins from diatoms.
• Effective regulatory controls are crucial for preventing ASP outbreaks.