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Related Concept Videos

Prevalence and Incidence01:08

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Potential Energy00:52

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
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Potential Risks Associated with Japanese Encephalitis Prevalence in Shandong Province, China.

Qiqi Shi1,2, Xiao Song1, Yeyuan Lv1

  • 11Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China.

Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)
|May 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is transmitted by mosquitoes, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus being a primary vector. Insecticide resistance in mosquito populations complicates control efforts, potentially increasing Japanese encephalitis transmission risk.

Keywords:
Japanese encephalitismosquitoesresistancevectors

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Area of Science:

  • Vector-borne diseases
  • Medical entomology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a significant zoonotic neurotropic disease in Asia.
  • JEV is transmitted to humans via mosquitoes, primarily Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
  • Effective control of mosquito vectors is crucial for preventing JE transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate insecticide resistance in mosquito populations.
  • To determine the prevalence of JEV in collected mosquito samples.
  • To assess the implications of insecticide resistance on JE vector control.

Main Methods:

  • Mosquitoes were collected from three sites in Shandong Province, China.
  • Pyrethroid insecticide resistance bioassays were performed on adult mosquitoes.
  • Collected mosquitoes were pooled and tested for the presence of JEV using molecular methods.

Main Results:

  • Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens populations exhibited resistance to pyrethroids in multiple locations.
  • Coquillettidia ochracea populations also showed resistance or incipient resistance.
  • JEV was detected in 31 out of 135 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, with pooled infection rates varying by species.

Conclusions:

  • Insecticide resistance in key mosquito vectors, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus, poses a significant challenge to Japanese encephalitis control.
  • The dynamic changes in JEV vectors, coupled with insecticide resistance and potential climate change impacts, may facilitate JE transmission.
  • Continued monitoring of mosquito populations, insecticide resistance, and JEV prevalence is essential for public health strategies.