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Quantifying nitric oxide emissions under rice-wheat cropping systems.

Yam Kanta Gaihre1, Wendie D Bible1, Upendra Singh1

  • 1International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL, USA.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|May 16, 2019
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Summary

Urea deep placement (UDP) with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation in rice significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) emissions. Wheat, however, showed higher NO emissions regardless of nitrogen application method, with rice contributing minimally to total annual emissions.

Keywords:
Fertilizer deep placementNitric oxide emissionsNitrogen use efficiencyRice-wheat system

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Urea deep placement (UDP) enhances nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop yields while reducing nitrogen (N) losses.
  • Limited research exists on the environmental impact of UDP, specifically on nitric oxide (NO) emissions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify nitric oxide (NO) emissions from a rice-wheat system under different nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments and water regimes.
  • To compare NO emissions between urea deep placement (UDP) and broadcast prilled urea (PU) methods.
  • To assess the impact of water management (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on NO emissions in rice.

Main Methods:

  • A greenhouse experiment was conducted over a rice-wheat cropping cycle.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) emissions were continuously monitored using an automated gas sampling and analysis system.
  • Three N fertilizer treatments were applied: control (no N), UDP, and broadcast prilled urea (PU).
  • In rice, UDP was tested under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation.

Main Results:

  • Fertilizer treatments significantly affected NO emissions (p < 0.05).
  • UDP with AWD irrigation in rice resulted in 2.5 times higher NO emissions (3.41 μg N ha⁻¹) compared to UDP with CF (1.35 μg N ha⁻¹).
  • In wheat, N fertilizer application (regardless of method) increased NO emissions by 10-fold over the control.
  • Emission factors (EFs) were significantly lower in rice (<0.002%) than in wheat (0.5%), and were not affected by N placement methods.
  • Rice contributed minimally (<0.5%) to total annual NO emissions compared to wheat.

Conclusions:

  • Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation in rice significantly increases nitric oxide (NO) emissions when using urea deep placement (UDP).
  • Wheat cultivation is a larger source of annual NO emissions compared to rice, irrespective of nitrogen application methods.
  • While UDP improves NUE, its impact on NO emissions is water-regime dependent, with AWD posing a higher emission risk in rice.