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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Related Experiment Video

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Identification of Enhancer-Promoter Contacts in Embryoid Bodies by Quantitative Chromosome Conformation Capture 4C
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Long-range enhancer-promoter contacts in gene expression control.

Stefan Schoenfelder1,2, Peter Fraser3,4

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Transcriptional enhancers regulate gene expression by contacting gene promoters across large genomic distances. This review explores how these enhancer-promoter interactions are formed, maintained, and influence development and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Transcriptional enhancers are crucial DNA elements controlling gene expression.
  • Enhancer-promoter contacts are vital for orchestrating spatiotemporal gene expression programmes.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to comprehending development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel concepts in the establishment and maintenance of enhancer-promoter interactions.
  • To discuss the role of mammalian genome 3D architecture in facilitating and constraining these contacts.
  • To highlight the significance of enhancer-promoter interactions in gene expression control during normal development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide mapping of enhancer-promoter contacts.
  • Functional dissection using advanced genomics and genome editing techniques.
  • Microscopy methodologies for visualizing 3D genome architecture.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances enable comprehensive mapping and functional analysis of enhancer-promoter contacts.
  • The 3D genome organization plays a critical role in regulating these interactions.
  • Enhancer-promoter contacts are fundamental to developmental gene regulation and disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancer-promoter interactions are dynamic and essential for precise gene expression control.
  • The 3D genome provides a framework that both enables and limits enhancer activity.
  • Further research into these interactions holds promise for understanding and treating diseases.