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Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
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Primary Ligament Repair for Acute Elbow Dislocation.

Adam C Watts1

  • 1Wrightington Hospital, Wigan, United Kingdom.

JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques
|May 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Early surgical repair of elbow dislocations, particularly those with severe soft-tissue injury, can prevent long-term instability and stiffness. This technique involves detailed ligamentous repair and has shown encouraging early results.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Elbow dislocations are the second most common joint dislocations.
  • Posterolateral dislocations account for 80% of cases.
  • Recurrent instability and stiffness affect up to 10% and 40% of patients, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe an early surgical stabilization technique for elbow dislocations.
  • To prevent long-term complications such as recurrent instability and stiffness.
  • To identify patients at higher risk of complications using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Main Methods:

  • Patients with grade 3 or 4 soft-tissue injuries undergo fluoroscopic examination under anesthesia.
  • Surgical repair involves addressing lateral and medial ligament complex injuries.

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  • Techniques include direct lateral approach, suture repair of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament, and common extensor tendon reattachment.

    • Main Results:

    • The described surgical approach aims to prevent recurrent instability and stiffness.
    • Early results indicate encouraging outcomes with no recorded complications.
    • Immediate physiotherapy is initiated post-surgery.

    Conclusions:

    • Early surgical stabilization is effective in managing complex elbow dislocations.
    • This approach addresses soft-tissue injuries to prevent long-term morbidity.
    • Prompt surgical intervention combined with physiotherapy offers a promising treatment strategy.