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Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

Composition of Blood

Composition of Blood

The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
Formed elements constitute the remaining 45% of the blood volume. These...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Rh Blood Group

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

Published on: June 14, 2011

Microfluidic blood vasculature replicas using backside lithography.

Marianne Fenech¹, Vincent Girod, Viviana Claveria

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.

|May 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel photolithography method to create microchannels mimicking the hierarchical structure of blood vessels. This technique enables the fabrication of rounded, size-proportionate channels for improved artificial vasculature and organ-on-a-chip applications.

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Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

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Published on: June 14, 2011

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Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Published on: March 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Microfluidics
Vascular Biology

Background:

Biological vasculature exhibits a hierarchical network crucial for optimal tissue perfusion.
Existing microfluidic methods often produce uniform channels, failing to replicate in vivo vascular geometry.
Accurate geometric replication is vital for studying hemodynamics and developing artificial vascular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a new microfabrication technique for creating biomimetic microchannels.
To enable the design of intrinsically hierarchical microfluidic networks.
To advance the development of artificial vasculature for applications like organs-on-a-chip.

Main Methods:

A single-mask photolithography process utilizing an optical diffuser for backside exposure.
Fabrication of microchannels with rounded cross-sections.
Achieving a direct proportionality between local channel height and width.

Main Results:

Successful generation of microchannels with non-uniform, rounded cross-sections.
Demonstration of a one-step process for creating intrinsically hierarchical channel networks.
The fabricated channels mimic the size hierarchy observed in biological vasculature.

Conclusions:

The novel photolithography method effectively replicates the geometric complexity of biological vascular networks.
This technique facilitates the creation of advanced artificial vasculature for physiological studies and organ-on-a-chip devices.
The ability to design hierarchical networks in a single step offers significant advantages for microfluidic fabrication.