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Future topical medications in chronic rhinosinusitis
Michelle Menon Miyake1, Benjamin S Bleier1
1Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Background:
Research has progressed rapidly in recent decades to better understand the etiopathogenesis and management paradigms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although oral antibiotics often mitigate symptoms in acute CRS exacerbations, eradication of polymicrobial biofilms and multidrug-resistant bacteria remains a challenge. The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss the potential and pitfalls of topical medications in the treatment of CRS.
Methods:
A related literature review was performed using PubMed and Scopus, with only the English database included.
Results:
The main therapies were selected and separated in sections. Details regarding future topical treatments of CRS were summarized and discussed.
Conclusion:
The ease of access of the sinonasal mucosa positions CRS as a disease with high potential for local topical treatment. The ultimate adoption of topical agents will require continued expansion of our understanding of novel local targets in CRS as well as improved methods to deliver and retain the drug of interest at the site of activity.
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Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

