Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 24, 2026
07:28
An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter
Published on: July 13, 2018
7.8K
Polyhalogen and Polyinterhalogen Anions from Fluorine to Iodine.
Karsten Sonnenberg1, Lisa Mann1, Frenio A Redeker1
1Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 16, 2019
Summary
This review explores polyhalogen anions (polyhalides), detailing their synthesis, structural diversity, and bonding. Applications in halogenation, electrochemistry, and as ionic liquids highlight the bright future of polyhalogen chemistry.
Area of Science:
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Halogen Chemistry
Background:
- Polyhalogen anions (polyhalides) represent a dynamic area of chemical research.
- Understanding their structure and bonding is crucial for advancing chemical synthesis and applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving field of polyhalogen chemistry.
- To illustrate current progress in the synthesis and characterization of various polyhalides.
- To discuss the bonding, applications, and future prospects of polyhalides.
Main Methods:
- Review of synthetic approaches for polyfluorides, polychlorides, polybromides, and polyinterhalides.
- Characterization techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.
- Advanced quantum-chemical calculations and spectroscopic investigations in noble gas matrices.
Main Results:
- Significant increase in the structural diversity of polyhalides, particularly polychlorides and polybromides.
- Detailed characterization of polyhalides using diffraction, spectroscopy, and computational methods.
- Exploration of bonding characteristics within polyhalide systems.
Conclusions:
- Polyhalides exhibit remarkable structural diversity and unique bonding.
- Applications in halogenation, electrochemistry, and as reactive ionic liquids demonstrate their versatility.
- Polyhalogen chemistry holds significant promise for future innovations.
Related Concept Videos
01:13Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene
7.4K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
7.4K
01:18Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview
3.6K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
Due to the absence of continuous...
3.6K
01:20Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview
2.6K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.6K
01:04Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism
2.5K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.5K
01:18π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion
5.4K
An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
5.4K
02:48Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer
48.9K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
48.9K