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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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All-fiber self-compensating polarization encoder for quantum key distribution.

Costantino Agnesi, Marco Avesani, Andrea Stanco

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a stable, low-cost polarization encoder for quantum key distribution (QKD) using commercial components. This innovation enhances the security and practicality of QKD systems for various applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Optical Engineering
    • Cryptography

    Background:

    • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security for key exchange by encoding information on photon properties.
    • Polarization encoding is a common method for QKD but faces challenges with unstable, costly, and complex encoders that can introduce security vulnerabilities.
    • Existing polarization encoders can suffer from side-channel attacks, compromising the inherent security of QKD protocols.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and implement a novel, self-compensating polarization encoder for QKD systems.
    • To address the limitations of current polarization encoders, focusing on stability, cost, and complexity.
    • To provide a robust polarization encoding solution suitable for diverse QKD platforms.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a self-compensating polarization encoder utilizing a lithium niobate phase modulator within a Sagnac interferometer.
    • Implemented the encoder using readily available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.
    • Tested the encoder's performance and stability across different wavelength bands.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a highly stable polarization encoder with a simple design.
    • Demonstrated an intrinsic quantum bit error rate (QBER) as low as 0.2%.
    • Confirmed feasibility for realization across the 800 nm to 1550 nm wavelength band using COTS devices.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed self-compensating polarization encoder offers a significant improvement over existing technologies.
    • Its stability, low QBER, and use of COTS components make it a practical solution for various QKD implementations.
    • This development is a promising advancement for secure communication technologies in free-space, fiber-optic, and satellite-based QKD.