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Related Concept Videos

Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Types of Intermediate Filaments01:31

Types of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

Formation of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Femtosecond Laser Filaments for Use in Sub-Diffraction-Limited Imaging and Remote Sensing
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Nanosecond laser coupling for increased filament ablation.

Haley Kerrigan, Shermineh Rostami Fairchild, Martin Richardson

    Optics Letters
    |May 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers enhanced laser ablation of materials by combining a short, high-intensity laser pulse with a longer, lower-intensity pulse. This dual-pulse method significantly increased material removal, offering improved laser ablation efficiency.

    Area of Science:

    • Laser-matter interactions
    • Materials processing

    Background:

    • Laser filaments achieve high intensities but are limited in ablating materials.
    • Investigating methods to enhance laser ablation efficiency is crucial for material processing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the augmentation of single laser filament ablation using auxiliary radiation.
    • To identify optimal conditions for enhanced ablation through dual-pulse laser interaction.

    Main Methods:

    • A combination of an 800 nm, 50 fs laser pulse and a 1064 nm, 8 ns laser pulse was used.
    • The ablation of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) was quantitatively assessed at varying interpulse delays.

    Main Results:

    • An approximately threefold increase in ablation was observed under optimal conditions.

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  • Metrology and surface analysis of ablation craters provided insights into the underlying mechanisms.

    • Conclusions:

    • Auxiliary radiation can significantly enhance laser ablation efficiency.
    • Dual-pulse laser systems offer a promising route for advanced material processing.