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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
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A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
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Acute pulmonary embolism.

Luke Howard1

  • 1Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK l.howard@imperial.ac.uk.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) requires high clinical suspicion. Optimal treatment varies, especially for intermediate-risk PE, necessitating careful risk stratification and follow-up for long-term complications.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common yet often challenging diagnosis.
  • High clinical suspicion is crucial for patients presenting with cardiopulmonary symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic and treatment complexities of pulmonary embolism.
  • To highlight the challenges in managing intermediate-risk (submassive) PE and the role of specialized teams.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and literature regarding PE diagnosis and management.
  • Discussion of risk stratification tools, biomarkers, and imaging modalities.
  • Exploration of treatment strategies including anticoagulation and thrombolysis.
Keywords:
Pulmonary embolismthrombolysis

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Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of PE can be straightforward once suspected, but optimal treatment remains complex.
  • Risk stratification aids in treatment decisions, though thrombolysis in submassive PE is debated.
  • Direct oral anticoagulants represent a significant treatment advance but are not universally applicable.

Conclusions:

  • Pulmonary embolism response teams are increasingly important for managing complex cases.
  • Mandatory follow-up is essential for determining anticoagulation duration and monitoring for long-term complications.