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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Cavity quantum electrodynamics with atom-like mirrors.

Mohammad Mirhosseini^1,2,3, Eunjong Kim^1,2,3, Xueyue Zhang^1,2,3

¹Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

|May 17, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers achieved strong coupling between artificial atoms and collective quantum states. This breakthrough enables efficient synthesis of multi-photon dark states for advanced quantum technologies.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Published on: April 24, 2014

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Published on: October 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Quantum optics
Solid-state quantum systems
Quantum information science

Background:

Atomic emission is influenced by electromagnetic environments and collective atomic interactions.
Enhanced spontaneous emission (super-radiance) often masks non-dissipative dynamics in open systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To observe the dynamical exchange of excitations between a single artificial atom and an entangled collective state.
To engineer a system exhibiting strong coupling between quantum emitters and their radiative environment.

Main Methods:

Utilizing superconducting qubits as artificial atoms precisely positioned in a one-dimensional waveguide.
Creating a dark collective state that traps radiation, forming an emergent atom-cavity system.
Demonstrating a high interaction-to-dissipation ratio (cooperativity > 100) indicative of strong coupling.

Main Results:

Observed dynamical excitation exchange between a single qubit and an entangled collective qubit state.
Established an atom-cavity system with artificial atoms acting as mirrors in an open waveguide.
Achieved the strong coupling regime where coherent interactions dominate dissipation.

Conclusions:

Strong coupling in interacting qubits within an open waveguide is achievable.
This system efficiently synthesizes multi-photon dark states.
Opens pathways for exploiting correlated dissipation and decoherence-free subspaces in quantum emitter arrays at the many-body level.