Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs02:29

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

51.6K
Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is the transfer of protons; thus, logic suggests a relation between the relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, Ka or Kb, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. For the conjugate acid-base pair HA / A−, the ionization equilibrium equations and ionization constant expressions are
51.6K
Acid and Bases: Ka, pKa, and Relative Strengths02:35

Acid and Bases: Ka, pKa, and Relative Strengths

33.0K
This lesson delves into a critical aspect of the relative strengths of acids and bases. The strength of an acid is evaluated by the acid dissociation into its conjugate base and a hydronium ion in water. The complete dissociation of a strong acid is confirmed with a very high concentration of hydronium ions. As a result, an incomplete dissociation process affirms a weak acid. Therefore, the equilibrium is in the forward direction for strong acids and backward for weak acids in these reactions.
33.0K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

39.7K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
39.7K
Acid/Base Strengths and Dissociation Constants03:02

Acid/Base Strengths and Dissociation Constants

69.3K
The relative strength of an acid or base is the extent to which it ionizes when dissolved in water. If the ionization reaction is essentially complete, the acid or base is termed strong; if relatively little ionization occurs, the acid or base is weak. There are many more weak acids and bases than strong ones. The most common strong acids and bases are listed below:
69.3K
Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation01:09

Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation

9.4K
The empirical rule, also known as the three-sigma rule, allows a statistician to interpret the standard deviation in a normally distributed dataset. The rule states that 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation from the mean, 95% lies within two standard deviations from the mean, and 99.7% lies within three standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, this rule is also called the 68-95-99.7 rule.
This rule is used widely in statistics to calculate the proportion of data values...
9.4K
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

88.7K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
88.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prophylactic photobiomodulation to reduce oral mucositis in head and neck cancer: an observational study.

Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·2025
Same author

Improved Calculation Method for Insulation-based Fire Resistance of Composite Slabs.

Fire and materials·2024
Same author

Reduced-Order Modeling of Composite Floor Slabs in Fire. I: Heat-Transfer Analysis.

Journal of structural engineering (New York, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

Outpatient Palliative Care Program: Impact on Home Death Rate in Brazil.

Cancers·2024
Same author

Reduced-order modeling of composite slabs in fire. II: Thermal-structural analysis.

Journal of structural engineering (New York, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

Thermal performance of composite slabs with profiled steel decking exposed to fire effects.

Fire safety journal·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System
10:52

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.9K

An Empirical Component-Based Model for High-Strength Bolts at Elevated Temperatures.

Jonathan M Weigand1,2, Rafaela Peixoto3,4, Luiz Carlos Marcos Vieira3,5

  • 1Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study models high-strength structural bolts (grade A325 and A490) at elevated temperatures. The component-based model accurately predicts bolt strength and stiffness degradation in steel structures during fires.

Keywords:
BoltsComponent-basedElevated temperaturesFireShearSteel

More Related Videos

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

6.0K
Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components
07:36

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

Published on: February 1, 2017

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System
10:52

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.9K
Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

6.0K
Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components
07:36

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

Published on: February 1, 2017

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Structural Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Fire Safety Engineering

Background:

  • High-strength structural bolts are critical components in steel building construction.
  • Accurate modeling of bolt behavior at elevated temperatures is essential for fire safety assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically derive mechanical properties of A325 and A490 bolts at high temperatures.
  • To develop and validate a component-based model for predicting bolt behavior under fire conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Component-based modeling approach.
  • Empirical derivation of ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.
  • Double-shear testing of 25 mm (1 in) diameter bolts at elevated temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Derived temperature-dependent mechanical properties for A325 and A490 bolts.
  • Validated component-based model accurately predicts shear strength and stiffness degradation.
  • Model accounts for various bolt diameters and load reversal.

Conclusions:

  • The developed component-based model effectively simulates the performance of high-strength bolts in fire scenarios.
  • This research provides a valuable tool for assessing the fire resistance of steel structures.