Oestrogen replacement therapy: physiological considerations and new applications

The total impact of the menopause on the health of women and the ultimate benefit/risk ratio of oestrogen replacement therapy are yet to be defined completely. Until these are accomplished, broad general guidelines for the use of oestrogen replacement therapy in all patients cannot be given. Treatment should be individualized to the patient's specific needs. Use of appropriate dosages of oestrogen in combination with progestin administration should reduce risk and enhance benefits for those subjects requiring its use. The development of new non-oral methods of administration should also help.