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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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[Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma : An underdiagnosed entity. German version].

M S Dettmer1, A Schmitt2, P Komminoth3

  • 1Institut für Pathologie, Universität Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3008, Bern, Schweiz. Matthias.Dettmer@pathology.unibe.ch.

Der Pathologe
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) are aggressive cancers. A unique miRNA signature aids diagnosis, offering hope for targeted therapies like tyrosine kinase inhibitors in this challenging disease.

Keywords:
MicroRNAPoorly differentiated thyroid carcinomaPrognosisThyroid neoplasmTyrosine kinase inhibitor

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) represent a rare, aggressive subtype of thyroid cancer.
  • Biologically, PDTCs bridge the gap between well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas.
  • Diagnosis is challenging, often missed in routine practice, with even small components impacting prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic difficulties and prognostic significance of PDTCs.
  • To explore the molecular landscape and unique features of PDTCs.
  • To discuss the potential of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic criteria (WHO 2006 consensus).
  • Analysis of immunohistochemistry utility and limitations.
  • Examination of molecular alterations and miRNA signatures in PDTCs.

Main Results:

  • PDTCs lack a distinctive molecular profile due to overlapping alterations with other thyroid cancers.
  • A unique miRNA signature differentiates PDTCs from other thyroid carcinoma subtypes.
  • Relapse-free survival is poor (less than one year), with a 50% mortality rate.

Conclusions:

  • PDTCs are difficult to diagnose and have a poor prognosis.
  • miRNA profiling offers a unique diagnostic marker.
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitors combined with molecular diagnostics present new therapeutic avenues.