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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Interventions for orbital lymphangioma.

Sheel R Patel1, Jamie B Rosenberg, Anne Barmettler

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3332 Rochambeau Avenue, 3rd Floor, Bronx, NY, USA, 10467.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist for orbital lymphangioma treatments. More research is needed to determine the most effective interventions for this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Vascular Malformations
  • Pediatric Oncology

Background:

  • Orbital lymphangiomas are vascular malformations causing vision-threatening complications in children.
  • Treatment options are diverse but lack a clear gold standard.
  • Early intervention is critical for preserving vision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess evidence for medical and surgical treatments of orbital lymphangiomas in pediatric and young adult populations.
  • To identify effective interventions for improving outcomes and vision preservation.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of multiple databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP.
  • Searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) without date or language restrictions.
  • Planned inclusion of RCTs comparing observation, sildenafil, sirolimus, sclerotherapy, or surgery.

Main Results:

  • No RCTs were identified comparing any medical or surgical interventions for orbital lymphangiomas.
  • The review could not perform risk of bias assessment or data extraction due to the absence of eligible trials.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant lack of high-quality evidence, specifically RCTs, on orbital lymphangioma treatments.
  • Further RCTs are essential to compare the effectiveness of various treatment modalities and guide clinical decision-making.
  • Future research should focus on comparing observation, sclerotherapy, systemic therapies (sirolimus, sildenafil), and surgical excision.