Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

59.5K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
59.5K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.4K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.4K
Weighted Mean00:57

Weighted Mean

6.2K
While taking the arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic mean of a sample data set, equal importance is assigned to all the data points. However, all the values may not always be equally important in some data sets. An intrinsic bias might make it more important to give more weightage to specific values over others.
For example, consider the number of goals scored in the matches of a tournament. While computing the average number of goals scored in the tournament, it may be more important to...
6.2K
Mass and Weight01:19

Mass and Weight

15.2K
Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never in the correct units of newtons. In physics, however, there is an important distinction. Weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on the distance from the center of the Earth. Weight dramatically varies if we leave the Earth's surface, unlike mass, which does not vary with location. On the Moon, for example, the...
15.2K
Atomic Weight01:25

Atomic Weight

11.8K
Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams. Scientists arbitrarily define this amount of mass as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. As a result, they do not contribute much to an element's overall atomic mass. This means that, when considering atomic mass, it is customary to ignore the mass of any electrons and...
11.8K
Apparent Weight01:09

Apparent Weight

9.8K
True weight is the measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. However, if the object accelerates, its measured weight is different from its true weight. Similar observations can be made when the object is submerged in water. An object's weight in water is its apparent weight, which is equal to the difference between its true weight and the buoyant forces.
Consider a person standing on a bathroom scale inside an elevator. If the scale is accurate at rest, its reading equals the...
9.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Implanted dynamic electric field therapy for glioblastoma: preclinical safety and efficacy of intratumoral modulation therapy.

Neuro-oncology advances·2026
Same author

Correction: Mitophagy protects renal tubular epithelial cells from intermittent hypoxia-induced injury via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.

Sleep and biological rhythms·2026
Same author

Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of pneumothorax in pneumoconiosis: a tertiary referral cohort study.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

From association to intervention: Semantic trajectories and knowledge frontiers in epilepsy-gut microbiota research revealed by bibliometrics and NLP.

IBRO neuroscience reports·2026
Same author

From microscopy to antimicrobial decisions: a clinically grounded roadmap for critical care infectious diseases.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same author

Calibration-free 3D-2D surface registration for image guided intervention.

Medical image analysis·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
02:37

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Published on: December 15, 2023

1.4K

Endoscopic Vision Augmentation Using Multiscale Bilateral-Weighted Retinex for Robotic Surgery.

Xiongbiao Luo, Hui-Qing Zeng, Ying Wan

    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
    |May 17, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a new method to enhance endoscopic surgical vision degraded by poor illumination. The technique improves visibility and precision during robotic surgery, leading to safer and more efficient procedures.

    More Related Videos

    Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection
    07:27

    Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

    Published on: February 7, 2025

    1.0K
    Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
    08:47

    Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

    Published on: January 19, 2022

    12.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

    Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
    02:37

    Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

    Published on: December 15, 2023

    1.4K
    Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection
    07:27

    Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

    Published on: February 7, 2025

    1.0K
    Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
    08:47

    Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

    Published on: January 19, 2022

    12.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Robotic Surgery
    • Computer Vision

    Background:

    • Endoscopic vision is critical for minimally invasive surgery.
    • Illumination variations degrade endoscopic image quality, impacting safety and efficiency.
    • Current methods struggle to adequately restore degraded surgical visualization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a method for restoring degraded endoscopic visualization during robotic surgery.
    • To quantitatively assess the improvement in surgical vision.
    • To enhance precision and reduce operating time in minimally invasive procedures.

    Main Methods:

    • A multiscale bilateral-weighted retinex method was employed to address non-uniform illumination.
    • An objective, no-reference image visibility assessment was defined using sharpness, naturalness, and contrast.
    • The proposed methods were validated on real surgical video data.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed retinex method effectively removed non-uniform and directional illumination.
    • The visibility assessment provided quantitative and objective evaluation of endoscopic images.
    • Experimental results demonstrated superior performance compared to existing retinex approaches.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method significantly enhances surgical vision quality in challenging lighting conditions.
    • Objective evaluation showed a substantial improvement in combined visibility (0.81 to 1.06).
    • Surgeons confirmed a marked improvement in visual clarity, supporting clinical utility.