Trends in Avoidable Hospitalizations for Diabetes: Experience of a Large Clinically Integrated Health Care System

Prevention quality indicators (PQIs) are used in hospital discharge data sets to identify quality of care for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, such as diabetes. We examined the impact of clinical integration efforts on diabetes-related PQIs in a large community-based health care organization. Inpatient and observation hospitalizations from nine acute care hospitals were trended over 5 years (2012-2016). Using established technical specifications, annual hospitalizations rates were calculated for four diabetes-related PQIs: uncontrolled diabetes, short-term complications, long-term complications, and lower extremity amputations. The mean (±standard error of the mean) annual hospitalization rate for uncontrolled diabetes and short-term complications gradually increased from 1.3 ± 1.1 and 3.2 ± 2.5 per 1,000 discharges to 2.4 ± 1.7 (p < .001) and 7.1 ± 3.2 (p < .001) per 1,000 discharges, respectively. Conversely, the annual hospitalization rate for long-term complications and lower extremity amputations gradually decreased from 12.6 ± 1.1 and 88.6 ± 1.0 per 1,000 discharges to 6.5 ± 1.0 (p = .004) and 82.2 ± 1.0 per 1,000 discharges (p < .001). Trends generally persisted across payers, age, sex, and race. There was an inverse correlation between county income-per-capita and hospitalization rate for short-term complications (p = .04), long-term complications (p = .03), and lower extremity amputations (p < .001). Study limitations included use of administrative data, evolving coding practices, and ecological fallacy. Ambulatory-based efforts to optimize diabetes care can prevent long-term complications and reduce avoidable hospitalizations.