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Concentration Cells02:41

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
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α-Synuclein aggregation at low concentrations.

Kseniia Afitska1, Anna Fucikova2, Volodymyr V Shvadchak3

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12843, Czech Republic.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Proteins and Proteomics
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The critical concentration for alpha-synuclein fibril growth is approximately 0.4 μM. Below this, fibrils disaggregate, while above it, fibril growth and prefibrillar aggregate formation occur, crucial for Parkinson's disease research.

Keywords:
Amyloid fibrilsCritical concentrationFibril disaggregationIntermediatesKdKinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Protein aggregation

Background:

  • Alpha-synuclein aggregation into amyloid fibrils is a key feature of Parkinson's disease.
  • Protein aggregation propensity correlates with concentration, necessitating understanding critical aggregation thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Determine the critical concentration for alpha-synuclein fibril growth.
  • Investigate the behavior of alpha-synuclein at low monomer concentrations.
  • Characterize prefibrillar aggregates as intermediates in alpha-synuclein aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro aggregation studies of alpha-synuclein across a concentration range (0.11–20 μM).
  • Thioflavin T fluorescence assay for aggregation kinetics.
  • Characterization of aggregates using CD-spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and AFM imaging.

Main Results:

  • Alpha-synuclein monomers bind to fibril ends and promote growth at concentrations of 0.45 μM and above.
  • At concentrations below 0.4 μM, monomers do not fibrillize and existing fibrils disaggregate.
  • Prefibrillar amyloid aggregates form between 0.45 and 3 μM, acting as intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • The critical concentration for alpha-synuclein fibril growth is determined to be approximately 0.4 μM.
  • Fibril growth occurs at significantly lower monomer concentrations than de novo fibril formation.
  • Prefibrillar aggregates, though morphologically distinct, share functional properties with mature fibrils.