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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Frames01:30

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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

Frames: Problem Solving I

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Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
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Frames: Problem Solving II01:26

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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans
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Frame versus Frameless Leksell Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

L Dade Lunsford1, Ajay Niranjan2, Kevin Fallon3

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, lunsfordld@upmc.edu.

Progress in Neurological Surgery
|May 17, 2019
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Summary

Stereotactic radiosurgery now offers non-invasive brain targeting using a thermoplastic mask with the Leksell Gamma Knife ICON system. This frameless approach is valuable for select patients, enabling multisession treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Traditional stereotactic radiosurgery relies on invasive head frames for precise brain target localization.
  • Advancements in technology have led to the development of non-invasive immobilization systems.
  • The Leksell Gamma Knife ICON system integrates cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for enhanced targeting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and application of a non-invasive thermoplastic mask immobilization technique for the Leksell Gamma Knife ICON radiosurgical system.
  • To compare frame-based versus frameless stereotactic radiosurgery workflows.
  • To identify patient characteristics suitable for mask-based radiosurgery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Leksell Gamma Knife ICON system with both traditional stereotactic frames and a novel non-invasive thermoplastic mask.
  • Incorporated cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for stereotactic space definition in frameless procedures.
  • Analyzed patient selection criteria, dose planning, and treatment delivery workflows for both methods.

Main Results:

  • The non-invasive mask technique is suitable for approximately 10% of patients, particularly those with simpler dose plans, shorter treatment times, and specific tumor types like brain metastases.
  • Mask immobilization facilitates multisession or fractionated radiosurgery for patients unsuitable for single-session treatments.
  • Frameless procedures require additional time for CBCT acquisition and planning, impacting overall workflow.

Conclusions:

  • While frame-based stereotactic radiosurgery remains predominant, the mask immobilization technique offers a valuable non-invasive alternative for select patients.
  • This frameless approach expands treatment options, particularly for multisession radiosurgery.
  • Careful patient selection and workflow adaptation are crucial for successful mask-based radiosurgery.