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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
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Glaucomagenesis following ionizing radiation exposure.

Nobuyuki Hamada1, Tamara V Azizova2, Mark P Little3

  • 1Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan.

Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation Research
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Radiogenic glaucoma, optic nerve damage from radiation therapy, is poorly understood. High-dose radiation may cause neovascular glaucoma, suggesting a tissue reaction with a threshold dose.

Keywords:
GlaucomaIonizing radiationJapanese atomic bomb survivorsRadiation protectionRadiotherapy patientsRussian Mayak workersUS radiologic technologists

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, involves optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
  • The link between ionizing radiation therapy and glaucoma has been noted for nearly a century.
  • Mechanisms and dose-response relationships of radiation-induced glaucoma remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the manifestations and mechanisms of radiogenic glaucoma.
  • To explore the association between radiation exposure and glaucoma development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on radiation therapy and glaucoma.
  • Analysis of reported cases and epidemiological data.
  • Discussion of potential mechanistic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Neovascular glaucoma may manifest within years after high-dose, high-dose-rate radiation therapy.
  • Limited evidence suggests increased glaucoma risk after low-dose or low-dose-rate exposures.
  • Glaucoma appears to be a tissue reaction with a threshold dose of at least 5 Gy.

Conclusions:

  • Radiogenic glaucoma is a potential complication of cancer radiotherapy.
  • Understanding the dose-response relationship and mechanisms is crucial for risk assessment.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the risks associated with varying radiation doses and rates.