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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

80.8K
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins01:18

Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins

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Detergents are used to purify the integral proteins of the membrane. The hydrophobic portion of the detergent can replace membrane phospholipids while solubilizing the membrane proteins. When detergent monomers reach a specific concentration in a solution called critical micelle concentration (CMC), they form micelles. Above CMC, the concentration of the detergent monomers remains in equilibrium with the micelle. The number of detergent monomers present in the CMC varies for each detergent, and...
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GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli
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Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

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Cholesterol-Recognition Motifs in Membrane Proteins.

Jacques Fantini1,2, Richard M Epand3, Francisco J Barrantes4

  • 1INSERM UMR_S 1072, Marseille, France. jm.fantini@gmail.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cholesterol specifically interacts with membrane proteins, impacting their structure and function through various motifs. Understanding these cholesterol-recognition sites is key to predicting physiological and pathological effects.

Keywords:
Binding siteCholesterolMembrane fusionMembrane proteinNeurological diseaseVirus fusion

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Cholesterol's impact on membrane protein structure and function has been known for decades, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Initially thought to affect fluidity non-specifically, cholesterol is now known to interact specifically with membrane proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze the evolving understanding of cholesterol's affinity, specificity, and stereoselectivity with membrane proteins.
  • To review computational approaches for identifying cholesterol binding sites and their biochemical logic.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computational approaches for identifying cholesterol binding sites.
  • Analysis of biochemical logic governing cholesterol-recognition motifs (CRAC, CARC, SSD, amphipathic helix).

Main Results:

  • Identified multiple mechanisms of cholesterol-protein interaction, including specific binding motifs.
  • Detailed the physiological implications for GPCRs, ion channels, and SNARE proteins.
  • Highlighted pathological implications in neurological disorders and HIV fusion.

Conclusions:

  • Cholesterol-protein interactions are specific and mediated by defined motifs.
  • Understanding these motifs enhances predictive capabilities for cholesterol's role in health and disease.
  • Key molecular aspects of cholesterol and amino acid motifs define physiologically relevant crosstalk.