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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

33.8K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
33.8K
Solvents01:12

Solvents

70.2K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
70.2K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

35.3K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
35.3K
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.3K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.3K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.4K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.4K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.1K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.1K

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

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Strong Microheterogeneity in Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Vahideh Alizadeh1,2, David Geller1, Friedrich Malberg1

  • 1Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel deep eutectic solvents with enhanced microheterogeneity were identified using molecular dynamics simulations. These solvents, featuring specific side chains, show promise for advanced synthesis and extraction applications.

Keywords:
Deep eutectic solventdomain analysismicroheterogeneitymolecular dynamics simulationsneoteric solvents

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are increasingly used in synthesis and extraction.
  • Microheterogeneity is crucial for DES performance, particularly in hydrophobic applications.
  • Novel DES with strong microheterogeneity are needed for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To suggest and theoretically investigate novel deep eutectic solvents exhibiting strong microheterogeneity.
  • To explore DES composed of choline chloride derivatives and ethylene glycol.
  • To identify potential candidates for experimental synthesis and application.

Main Methods:

  • Classical molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • Systems studied: choline chloride and its derivatives with ethylene glycol (1:2 molar ratio).
  • Domain analysis based on electrostatic potentials was used to assess microheterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Strong microheterogeneity was confirmed in the investigated hypothetical DES.
  • Elongated alkyl and alcohol side chains contribute to distinct polar and nonpolar domains.
  • The configuration of side chains (stretched vs. crumbled) impacts interaction sites.

Conclusions:

  • The simulated DES systems demonstrate significant microheterogeneity.
  • These novel DES are promising targets for experimental synthesis.
  • Exploiting microheterogeneity in these DES could lead to enhanced performance in various applications.