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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Accessing the Cytotoxicity and Cell Response to Biomaterials
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Biomaterials in fetal surgery.

Sally M Winkler1, Michael R Harrison2, Phillip B Messersmith3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. philm@berkeley.edu and University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Biomaterials Science
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Innovative biomaterials are crucial for advancing fetal surgery, moving beyond adult-derived materials to address unique in utero challenges. Novel materials offer opportunities for minimally invasive procedures and improved fetal health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials science and engineering
  • Fetal medicine and surgery
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Fetal surgery corrects congenital abnormalities in utero.
  • Current biomaterials are often adapted from adult/pediatric use.
  • Shift towards minimally invasive fetal procedures necessitates specialized materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review current and emerging biomaterials for fetal surgery.
  • Identify unmet challenges in fetal surgery amenable to biomaterial solutions.
  • Explore potential of immunomodulating biomaterials in fetal applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical and developmental biomaterials in fetal surgery.
  • Analysis of current limitations and future opportunities in the field.
  • Discussion of the fetal immune system's role and biomaterial interactions.

Main Results:

  • Limited historical use of biomaterials in fetal surgery.
  • Existing biomaterials are not optimized for the maternal-fetal environment.
  • Significant potential for novel biomaterials in areas like membrane sealing and spina bifida repair.

Conclusions:

  • Specialized biomaterials are needed for minimally invasive fetal surgery.
  • Addressing challenges in fetal membrane sealing and defect repair requires innovation.
  • Exploiting the underdeveloped fetal immune system with novel biomaterials presents a promising frontier.