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Related Concept Videos

Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions03:03

Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

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Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it were present alone in the container. The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure.
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure01:11

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

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The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of the thermodynamic activity of the gas's molecules. The pressure that a gas would create if it occupied the total volume available is called the gas's partial pressure. If two or more gases are mixed together in a container, the molecules move randomly and collide with each other, causing them to reach thermal equilibrium. When the gases have the same temperature, their molecules have the same average kinetic energy. Thus, each gas obeys the...
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Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Centroid of a Body

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The centroid is an important concept in engineering, physics, and mechanics. It is the geometric center of a body. It always lies within the body except in cases with holes or cavities. When the material that a body is composed of is uniform or homogeneous, the centroid coincides with its center of mass or the center of gravity.
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Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis
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Partial marrow shielding and total-body irradiation

W D Noyes, C A Finch, H Wasserman

    Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
    |May 18, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Shielding one femur during total-body irradiation protected bone marrow morphology and function. Partially shielded rats showed faster cellular repopulation and better hemoglobin synthesis compared to unshielded controls.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Radiation Biology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Total-body irradiation (TBI) causes significant damage to bone marrow.
    • Understanding the protective effects of localized shielding is crucial for mitigating radiation injury.
    • Bone marrow's role in hematopoiesis and its response to radiation stress are key research areas.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of shielding a single femur on bone marrow morphology and function following TBI.
    • To assess the recovery and hematopoietic capacity of shielded versus unshielded bone marrow.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of partial shielding as a protective strategy against radiation-induced bone marrow damage.

    Main Methods:

    • Rats received 550 r of total-body irradiation from a Cobalt-60 source.

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  • One femur was shielded with 100 mm of lead, reducing its exposure to 16 r.
  • Evaluated marrow cell counts, radioiron localization, plasma iron turnover, red cell utilization, and peripheral cell counts.
  • Phlebotomy was used to induce functional stress in some animals.

    • Main Results:

    • Shielded bone marrow maintained normal morphology despite severe cell depletion in irradiated marrow.
    • Hemoglobin synthesis in phlebotomized shielded rats was nearly 50% of controls, significantly better than unshielded rats.
    • Radioiron localization and cell counts indicated erythropoiesis primarily occurred in the shielded marrow.
    • Cellular repopulation was faster in partially shielded animals, comparable to marrow transfusion effectiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Localized femur shielding effectively preserves bone marrow morphology and function post-TBI.
    • Shielded marrow demonstrates robust erythropoietic recovery and contributes significantly to overall hematopoiesis.
    • Partial shielding represents a promising approach for enhancing recovery from radiation-induced bone marrow damage.