Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

936
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
936
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

6.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
6.8K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

5.1K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
5.1K
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

7.4K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.4K
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.9K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.9K
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.9K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association between obesity, sex, medical comorbidities, and survival in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Journal of Cancer·2026
Same author

Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, 2026.3.1.

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology·2026
Same author

Pembrolizumab with or without chemotherapy among older adults with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: a national, nonrandomized open-label phase II trial (Alliance A171901).

Journal of the National Cancer Institute·2026
Same author

Does Radiation Boost Dose Affect Organ Preservation Rates? A Secondary Analysis of the Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Trial.

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics·2026
Same author

Mapping Radiotherapy Resources for Prostate Cancer Trials in Nigeria: A STAMPEDE 2-Site Survey.

JCO global oncology·2026
Same author

Impact of proton pump inhibitors on immunotherapy is modulated by prior chemotherapy and linked to gut microbiome-immune cell signatures.

Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
11:18

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Published on: January 22, 2011

16.5K

Value-Added Decisions in Oncology.

Ian Tannock1, Carolyn J Presley2, Leonard B Saltz3

  • 11 Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug approval relies too heavily on statistical significance (p < .05) rather than clinical value. This practice leads to the approval of drugs with minimal benefits and unrelated pricing, impacting patient care and healthcare costs.

More Related Videos

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
06:37

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology

Published on: October 20, 2010

23.8K
Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
11:51

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

15.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
11:18

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research

Published on: January 22, 2011

16.5K
Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
06:37

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology

Published on: October 20, 2010

23.8K
Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
11:51

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

15.6K

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials
  • Biostatistics
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Drug registration decisions often prioritize statistical significance (p < .05) over demonstrated clinical utility.
  • Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA frequently use p-values as a primary criterion for drug approval.
  • Journals often emphasize p-values, perpetuating the focus on statistical significance in reporting clinical trial results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique the overreliance on p-values in the drug approval process.
  • To highlight the disconnect between statistical significance and actual clinical benefit.
  • To advocate for a shift towards evaluating the true value of new anticancer drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current practices in drug registration and approval.
  • Review of statements from organizations like the American Statistical Association regarding p-value interpretation.
  • Examination of the relationship between drug efficacy, statistical significance, and market pricing.

Main Results:

  • P-values are frequently used as a sole determinant for drug approval, irrespective of clinical importance.
  • Pharmaceutical companies design large trials to achieve statistical significance, even for minor outcome differences.
  • Market pricing of approved drugs does not correlate with their demonstrated level of benefit.

Conclusions:

  • The current drug approval system, driven by p-values, does not adequately reflect clinical value.
  • Overemphasis on statistical significance can lead to the approval and marketing of drugs with marginal benefits at high prices.
  • A re-evaluation of drug approval criteria is necessary to prioritize genuine clinical impact and patient benefit.