Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors
Published on: March 1, 2020
Immunotherapy in Gynecologic Cancers: What We Know Now and Where We Are Headed
Kimberly Levinson1, Oliver Dorigo2, Krista Rubin3
11 The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Abstract:
Immunotherapy, mainly in the form of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has been transformative in both solid tumor and hematologic malignancies. Patients with previously terminal illnesses have experienced profound responses of great durability with these agents, fueling excitement among patients and providers regarding their use. Unfortunately, the gains seen in some solid tumors have not been replicated in a large percentage of patients with gynecologic cancer. This review focuses on the clinical benefits seen to date, toxicities and management when using ICIs, ways to improve prediction of who should receive immunotherapy, and a discussion of next-generation immunotherapy with cellular therapeutics and how these might relate to gynecologic cancers.
Related Concept Videos
Tumor Immunotherapy
Muscles that Move the Head
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Arteries of the Head and Neck
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Veins of Head and Neck
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Cancer
What is Cancer?
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of...

