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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects
Published on: August 4, 2020
Increasing the accuracy of 3D EEG implantations
Roman Rodionov1,2,3, Aidan O'Keeffe4, Mark Nowell1,2,3
11UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London.
Objective:
The accuracy of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrode implantation is an important factor in maximizing its safety. The authors established a quality assurance (QA) process to aid advances in implantation accuracy.
Methods:
The accuracy of three consecutive modifications of a frameless implantation technique was quantified in three cohorts comprising 22, 8, and 23 consecutive patients. The modifications of the technique aimed to increase accuracy of the bolt placement.
Results:
The lateral shift of the axis of the implanted bolt at the level of the planned entry point was reduced from a mean of 3.0 ± 1.6 mm to 1.4 ± 0.8 mm. The lateral shift of the axis of the implanted bolt at the level of the planned target point was reduced from a mean of 3.8 ± 2.5 mm to 1.6 ± 0.9 mm.
Conclusions:
This QA framework helped to isolate and quantify the factors introducing inaccuracy in SEEG implantation, and to monitor ongoing accuracy and the effect of technique modifications.
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