Postoperative pain and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. A model to critique literature and develop...

Since transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has become an established noninvasive modality in pain management, one successful clinical application has been in treating acute postoperative pain. Current clinical literature in this area is critiqued. In addition, considerations for documenting a comprehensive, systematic method of implementing and evaluating transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for any painful condition are suggested.