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Lower GI Series: Barium Enema01:23

Lower GI Series: Barium Enema

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A Barium Enema, or a lower GI series, is a specialized radiographic examination designed to visualize the lower gastrointestinal tract, specifically the colon and rectum. This procedure is instrumental in diagnosing various conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, diverticulosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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The Barium Swallow Study, or a Barium Esophagogram, is a diagnostic imaging method used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It employs barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast material, to provide clear images of the upper digestive system, helping to identify abnormalities, diseases, or structural issues.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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Biodiesel synthesis from microalgae (Anabaena PCC 7120) by using barium titanium oxide (Ba2TiO4) solid base catalyst.

Reena Singh1, Ashutosh Kumar1, Yogesh Chandra Sharma1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India.

Bioresource Technology
|May 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates efficient biodiesel production from Anabaena PCC 7120 microalgae using a novel Barium titanium oxide (Ba2TiO4) catalyst. The catalyst achieved a high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 98.41% and was reusable for six cycles.

Keywords:
Anabaena 7120Barium titanium oxideCell disruptionDegummingHeterogeneous catalystTransesterification

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Renewable Energy
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Microalgae, specifically Anabaena PCC 7120, are a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production.
  • Efficient extraction and purification methods are crucial for maximizing oil yield.
  • Heterogeneous catalysts offer advantages in biodiesel synthesis due to reusability and ease of separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a Barium titanium oxide (Ba2TiO4) heterogeneous catalyst.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of the synthesized catalyst in the transesterification of Anabaena oil for biodiesel production.
  • To optimize reaction conditions for maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Anabaena PCC 7120 microalgae cultivation in a closed photobioreactor.
  • Oil extraction via cell disruption and purification by degumming.
  • Preparation and characterization of Ba2TiO4 catalyst using TGA, XRD, FTIR, HR-SEM, EDX, and surface area analysis.
  • Transesterification reaction using the Ba2TiO4 catalyst under optimized conditions.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized Ba2TiO4 catalyst exhibited high basicity and effectiveness in transesterification.
  • Optimized conditions yielded a maximum FAME conversion of 98.41% from Anabaena oil.
  • The Ba2TiO4 catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, functioning effectively for up to six cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Anabaena PCC 7120 is a viable microalgal feedstock for biodiesel.
  • The developed Ba2TiO4 heterogeneous catalyst is efficient and reusable for microalgal biodiesel production.
  • This study presents a promising pathway for sustainable biodiesel synthesis.