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Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

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Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Bicyclic peptides: types, synthesis and applications.

Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh¹, Mohammad M Kanafi², Simzar Hosseinzadeh²

¹Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Drug Discovery Today

|May 19, 2019

Summary

Bicyclic peptides offer a promising alternative to traditional drugs due to their protein-like qualities. This review covers their types, synthesis, and diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

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Area of Science:

Medicinal Chemistry
Peptide Therapeutics
Drug Discovery

Background:

Bicyclic peptides are gaining traction in drug development due to their biocompatibility and chemical similarity to proteins.
They present a viable alternative to complex biologics like antibodies and small molecules.
Their unique structure allows for diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in bicyclic peptide research.
To summarize the different types, synthesis methods, and applications of bicyclic peptides.
To highlight their potential in drug targeting, imaging, diagnosis, and as antimicrobial agents.

Main Methods:

Literature review of natural and synthetic bicyclic peptides.
Analysis of synthesis methodologies.
Compilation of current and emerging applications in medicine.

Main Results:

Bicyclic peptides exhibit significant potential as therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools.
Various synthesis strategies have been developed for natural and synthetic bicyclic peptides.
Applications span drug targeting, medical imaging, diagnostics, and antimicrobial therapies.

Conclusions:

Bicyclic peptides represent a versatile and promising class of molecules for pharmaceutical innovation.
Continued research into their synthesis and application will likely yield novel treatments.
Their unique properties position them as key players in future drug development and diagnostics.