Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

1.5K
Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
1.5K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

542
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
542
Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids01:20

Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids

932
Analyzing two sinusoidal voltages with equal amplitude and period but different phases on an oscilloscope, an instrument used to display and analyze waveforms, involves a three-step process.
The first step is measuring the peak-to-peak value, which is twice the amplitude of the sinusoid. This provides information about the maximum voltage swing of the waveform.
Secondly, the period and angular frequency are determined. The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of the waveform, while...
932
Vector Representation of Complex Numbers01:16

Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

517
Complex numbers, represented in Cartesian coordinates, can also be visualized as vectors. These vectors can be expressed in polar form, emphasizing their magnitude and angle. When a complex number is input into a function, the output is another complex number, highlighting the function's zero point from which the vector representation can originate.
Consider a function defined as the product of the complex factors in the numerator divided by the product of the complex factors in the...
517
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

43.3K
Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
43.3K
Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

62.0K
A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
62.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A week in the life of the human brain reveals stable states punctuated by chaotic-like transitions.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

The Development of Hippocampal-Cortical Functional Connectivity in Infants and Toddlers.

Human brain mapping·2026
Same author

The reading brain - Transforming vision into language.

Progress in neurobiology·2026
Same author

Salvage stereotactic MR-Guided adaptive radiotherapy (SMART) re-irradiation for locally recurrent prostate Cancer: Clinical and dosimetric outcomes.

Clinical and translational radiation oncology·2026
Same author

Safety and Efficacy of Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance-Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy (SMART) for Ultracentral Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Advances in radiation oncology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI
08:16

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

Published on: October 4, 2011

10.1K

Dynamic Neural Representations: An Inferential Challenge for fMRI.

Avniel Singh Ghuman1, Alex Martin2

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|May 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High temporal resolution brain activity measures reveal rapid, millisecond-scale information changes within brain regions. This dynamism challenges low temporal resolution techniques like BOLD fMRI, necessitating further research into potential solutions.

Keywords:
BOLDFFAVWFAhemodynamic responseneurodynamics

More Related Videos

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI
12:51

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Published on: October 6, 2011

13.6K
Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain
08:22

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

Published on: August 19, 2010

13.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI
08:16

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

Published on: October 4, 2011

10.1K
Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI
12:51

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Published on: October 6, 2011

13.6K
Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain
08:22

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

Published on: August 19, 2010

13.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • High temporal resolution brain activity measures demonstrate dynamic information processing within milliseconds.
  • This rapid neural processing challenges the capabilities of low temporal resolution neuroimaging methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the inferential challenges posed by millisecond-scale neural dynamics to low temporal resolution techniques.
  • To explore potential solutions and areas for future development in neuroimaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on high temporal resolution brain activity measurement techniques.
  • Analysis of the limitations of Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI) in capturing rapid neural changes.

Main Results:

  • Information representation in single brain regions changes dynamically on the millisecond scale.
  • Low temporal resolution methods like BOLD fMRI face significant inferential challenges due to these rapid dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The millisecond-scale dynamics of neural information processing present a significant hurdle for current low temporal resolution neuroimaging.
  • Further investigation and development of advanced fMRI solutions are required to accurately capture these rapid brain changes.