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Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
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Intensive Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Adherence Program During Stroke Rehabilitation.

Sandeep Khot1, Heather Barnett2, Arielle Davis1

  • 1From the Department of Neurology (S.K., A.D., J.S., A.K., W.T.L., N.W.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.

Stroke
|May 21, 2019
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Summary

An intensive program improved adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea in stroke patients. Adherent patients showed better recovery, suggesting CPAP can aid stroke rehabilitation.

Keywords:
aphasiaapneacontinuous positive airway pressurerehabilitationsleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in stroke patients, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may aid recovery.
  • Poor adherence to CPAP treatment is a significant challenge in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an intensive CPAP adherence program during and after inpatient stroke rehabilitation.
  • To assess the program's impact on 3-month CPAP adherence and stroke recovery outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A single-arm study enrolled 90 stroke rehabilitation patients in an intensive CPAP adherence program.
  • CPAP use was continued post-discharge for qualifying patients with OSA.
  • Adherence was defined as ≥4 hours/day on ≥70% of days over 3 months.

Main Results:

  • Of 62 patients qualifying for CPAP, 52 continued post-discharge.
  • At 3 months, 62% of patients achieved adherence (average use 4.7 hours/day).
  • Adherent patients showed greater improvements in cognitive function (FIM) and stroke severity (NIHSS).

Conclusions:

  • An intensive CPAP adherence program initiated during stroke rehabilitation can achieve majority adherence.
  • The program is effective even for patients with severe stroke and aphasia.
  • CPAP adherence may promote improved stroke recovery outcomes.