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Background odors affect behavior in a dot-probe task with emotionally expressive faces.

Elmeri Syrjänen1, Håkan Fischer1, Jonas K Olofsson1

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Odors can influence how we perceive social cues, but not by changing our attention. This study found that unpleasant odors may speed up responses over time, suggesting a novel interaction mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfaction plays an underestimated role in social cue perception and guiding behavior.
  • Psychological mechanisms underlying odor-visual interactions remain unclear, with prior research suggesting attention, arousal, or cue congruency.
  • Existing literature presents inconsistent findings regarding odor's impact on attentional processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how odors influence attentional processes in response to visual social cues.
  • To examine the effects of odor-visual congruency on emotional facial expressions and reaction times.
  • To explore potential time-on-task effects in odor-visual interaction paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dot-probe task involving facial expressions (happy, disgusted, neutral) paired with different odors (pleasant, unpleasant, none).
  • Employed Bayesian linear models for data analysis, following a preregistered plan.
  • Assessed participants' reaction times and subjective ratings of emotional arousal and intensity.

Main Results:

  • Faces were perceived as more arousing and emotional within odor contexts.
  • The dot-probe task did not effectively cue selective visual attention; odors did not modulate overall attention to faces.
  • A significant time-on-task effect was observed: response times decreased with an unpleasant odor but slightly increased in pleasant or no-odor conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Odor contexts enhance the perceived emotionality and arousal of visual social cues.
  • Time-on-task effects, particularly with unpleasant odors, represent a significant factor in odor-visual interactions.
  • These findings suggest that time-on-task dynamics may help reconcile inconsistent results in previous research on olfactory influences on attention.