Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

25.8K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
25.8K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

3.9K
3.9K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.3K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.3K
RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

35.7K
Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
35.7K
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

2.9K
Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
2.9K
Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

14.5K
Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
14.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A two-step auxin-GA cross talk regulates organ formation.

Development (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Giant Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma.

The American journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Wounding-induced redirection of sugar transport fuels tissue repair.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Tissue-specific experimental evolution reveals adaptive trade-offs in the plant vascular pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis.

The ISME journal·2026
Same author

Epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal cnidocyte specialization in a sea anemone.

Open biology·2026
Same author

Antagonism between blue- and red-light signaling controls thallus flatness in Marchantia polymorpha.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Hunting ecology predicts eye arrangements in the modular visual system of spiders.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Sub-second fluctuations between top-down and bottom-up modes distinguish diverse human brain states.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Queen bees offload pesticide burden to eggs when social buffering is overwhelmed.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Pitch selectivity in ferret auditory cortex.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

A cell size-dependent competition between geometry and polarity governs nuclear and spindle positioning in early embryos.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Trophic cascades drive sustainability in the agricultural heritage rice-fish coculture system.

Current biology : CB·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Evaluating Leaf Responses to Microbial Secondary Metabolites Using A High-Throughput Format
05:51

Evaluating Leaf Responses to Microbial Secondary Metabolites Using A High-Throughput Format

Published on: December 5, 2025

427

Multiple Auxin-Response Regulators Enable Stability and Variability in Leaf Development.

Alon Israeli1, Yossi Capua2, Ido Shwartz1

  • 1The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Current Biology : CB
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple auxin regulators create complex leaf shapes. The study shows that having many auxin activators and repressors balances stable leaf development with adaptable shape variations in tomato plants.

Keywords:
ARFAux/IAASolanum lycopersicumauxinleaf developmentmonopterosredundancystabilitytomatovariability

More Related Videos

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging
07:03

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Published on: October 2, 2010

18.9K
Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods
06:12

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

Published on: April 14, 2023

975

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Evaluating Leaf Responses to Microbial Secondary Metabolites Using A High-Throughput Format
05:51

Evaluating Leaf Responses to Microbial Secondary Metabolites Using A High-Throughput Format

Published on: December 5, 2025

427
Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging
07:03

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Published on: October 2, 2010

18.9K
Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods
06:12

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

Published on: April 14, 2023

975

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Developmental genetics
  • Molecular plant science

Background:

  • Auxin signaling involves a balance between transcriptional activators and repressors.
  • The biological significance of complex gene families for auxin response is not fully understood.
  • Tomato leaf development provides a model to study auxin's role in patterning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of multiple auxin response components in shaping compound tomato leaves.
  • Determine how complexity in auxin signaling contributes to developmental stability and variability.
  • Identify specific auxin response factors (ARFs) influencing leaf morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of mutants in auxin response genes, including ENTIRE (e) and auxin response factors (ARFs).
  • Utilizing genome editing techniques to modify ARF genes.
  • Phenotypic analysis of leaf development in wild-type and mutant tomato lines.

Main Results:

  • Mutations in specific ARFs (SlMP, SlARF19A, SlARF19B) suppressed the simple leaf phenotype of e mutants in a dosage-dependent manner.
  • The degree of suppression correlated with the relative expression levels of the mutated ARFs.
  • Double mutants (e slmp) exhibited wild-type-like leaf shape but increased auxin sensitivity and variability.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple auxin repressors and activators provide robustness to auxin's developmental output.
  • Tuning the activity of these multiple components allows for leaf shape variability.
  • Auxin response complexity balances developmental stability with phenotypic flexibility in leaf patterning.