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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation
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Indentation into a plastic fluid layer.

Thomasina V Ball1, Neil J Balmforth2, Ian J Hewitt3

  • 1BP Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK.

Proceedings. Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores how rigid objects indent plastic materials at large depths. New theories for viscoplastic fluids and Mohr-Coulomb materials show good agreement with experiments on material spreading and uplift.

Keywords:
Mohr–Coulombindentationplasticityviscoplastic

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Rheology
  • Solid Mechanics

Background:

  • Indentation into plastic materials is crucial for understanding material behavior under load.
  • Existing slip-line theory is limited to small penetration depths, neglecting large-deformation effects like spreading and uplift.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate theoretical models for large-depth indentation of plastic materials.
  • To investigate the influence of material properties and indenter geometry on indentation and material displacement.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a viscoplastic lubrication theory for fluid-like materials (viscoplastic fluids).
  • Extended slip-line theory for granular materials (Mohr-Coulomb materials) to accommodate arbitrary indenter shapes.
  • Conducted experimental indentations using flat plates, cylinders, and spheres on Carbopol and glass bead layers.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical models showed reasonable agreement with experimental data for penetration, spreading, and uplift.
  • Viscoplastic materials exhibited a clear dependence of indentation and uplift on layer depth.
  • Mohr-Coulomb materials showed a weaker layer-depth dependence for cylindrical indentation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed theories effectively model large-depth indentation phenomena in cohesive and non-cohesive plastic materials.
  • Material behavior under indentation is significantly influenced by its rheological properties and the surrounding layer depth.