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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Newton's Third Law: Examples01:08

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Newton's third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Consider a swimmer pushing off the side of a pool. They push against the wall of the pool with their feet and accelerate in the direction opposite to that of their push. This occurs because the wall exerts an equal and opposite force on the swimmer. Here, the forces do not cancel out each other as they are acting on different systems. In this case, there are two systems: the swimmer and the wall. If we select...
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Free Body Diagrams: Examples01:07

Free Body Diagrams: Examples

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Solving problems that involve forces is easy using free-body diagrams. A free-body diagram is a sketch showing all the external forces that are acting on an object or system. The object or system is represented by a single isolated point (or free body). Only those forces acting on it that originate outside of the object or system—the external forces—are shown. The forces are represented by vectors extending outward from the free body. Imagine a person sitting on a chair. Here, the...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Livestock Genomics for Developing Countries - African Examples in Practice.

Karen Marshall1,2, John P Gibson3, Okeyo Mwai1

  • 1Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

Frontiers in Genetics
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic approaches are enhancing African livestock by identifying and developing breeds with improved productivity and adaptability. These advanced genomic technologies offer significant potential for increasing profitability and food security in African livestock systems.

Keywords:
AfricaSNPbreeding programgenetic improvement strategygenomicslivestocksmallhold

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Area of Science:

  • Animal genetics and breeding
  • Genomics in agriculture
  • Livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa

Background:

  • African livestock breeds are diverse and adapted to local environments, supporting livelihoods and food security.
  • Many African livestock systems are evolving towards increased profitability, with farmers seeking higher-performing breeds.
  • Genomic technologies are increasingly being applied to livestock improvement in sub-Saharan Africa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To showcase the application of genomic approaches in identifying and developing improved livestock breeds in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • To present case studies demonstrating the impact of genomics on livestock productivity and adaptability.
  • To provide recommendations for leveraging genomic technologies in African livestock systems.

Main Methods:

  • Case studies from Kenya, Senegal, Ethiopia, and East Africa detailing genomic applications.
  • Genomic selection and other genomic tools in cross-breeding programs for dairy cattle.
  • Utilizing African cattle as resource populations to identify significant genomic variants.
  • Community-based breeding programs for small ruminants.

Main Results:

  • Genomic approaches successfully identified optimal breed types for local production systems in dairy cattle and sheep.
  • Cross-breeding programs incorporated genomic selection to enhance dairy cattle productivity.
  • Research is underway to develop cattle breeds resistant to trypanosomiasis and with high productivity.
  • Genomic variants of economic and ecological importance were identified using African cattle populations.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic technologies are effective tools for improving livestock breeds in Africa.
  • Successful implementation requires understanding local production systems and farmer needs.
  • Continued investment and strategic application of genomics can boost African livestock sector profitability and sustainability.