Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

5.5K
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
5.5K
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

1.1K
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
1.1K
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

7.9K
Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
7.9K
Patch Clamp01:18

Patch Clamp

6.4K
Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
In this method, a glass micropipette containing electrolyte solution is tightly sealed against a small portion of the cell membrane. As a result, a patch of the cell...
6.4K
Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

243
A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
243
Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

818
Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are...
818

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Platelet FcɣRIIa: a novel biomarker of risk for thromboembolism and death in cancer.

Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis·2026
Same author

Impact of Venous Thrombosis Prevention in Ambulatory Oncology: Importance of Guideline Adherence.

JCO oncology practice·2026
Same author

A Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Treatment Recommendations to Quit Versus Continue E-cigarettes When Quitting Smoking in Young Adult Dual Users.

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco·2025
Same author

Implementation and Validation of Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) in a Rural EMS Region.

Prehospital emergency care·2025
Same author

Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Lyme Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Cureus·2025
Same author

Evaluation of Dual Use: Real Time Reductions in Combustible Cigarette Smoking During Co-Occurring Use of E-Cigarettes.

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco·2025
Same journal

A cross-sectional and prospective examination of alcohol use and misuse among adult twin and sibling pairs discordant for neighborhood socio-economic disadvantage.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same journal

The Cannabis Research Image Database (CRESIDA): A standardized and validated image set for studying cannabis cue reactivity.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same journal

Problems in comparing tobacco regulatory models and excise when only two countries are considered.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same journal

E-cigarette and cannabis use and co-use patterns and dependence trajectories among young adults in the United States.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same journal

The United Kingdom's Tobacco and Vapes Act 2026-A landmark in tobacco control, but a missed opportunity for product clarity.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same journal

Commentary on Zacher et al.: How cocaine memories may drive craving and drug instrumentalization.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

12.0K

Effectiveness of switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes plus nicotine patch versus reducing daily

Elias M Klemperer1,2,3, John R Hughes1,2, Peter W Callas4

  • 1Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transitioning to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, aided by nicotine patches, significantly reduced nicotine dependence more effectively than reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) over four weeks.

Keywords:
Cigarette smokingharm reductionnicotine dependencereductiontobacco regulatory policyvery low nicotine content cigarettes

More Related Videos

Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine
10:48

Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine

Published on: January 25, 2019

9.7K
A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol
09:30

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Published on: January 18, 2018

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

12.0K
Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine
10:48

Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine

Published on: January 25, 2019

9.7K
A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol
09:30

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Published on: January 18, 2018

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Addiction Science
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • The US FDA proposed regulations for very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes.
  • Reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) is a common method for nicotine reduction.
  • Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of transitioning to VLNC cigarettes versus reducing CPD in decreasing nicotine dependence.
  • To evaluate the impact of nicotine patch therapy in conjunction with these reduction strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A two-arm, individually randomized open-label trial involving 68 adult daily smokers.
  • Participants were randomized to either gradually transition to VLNC cigarettes or reduce CPD over 4 weeks.
  • All participants received nicotine patches throughout the intervention period.

Main Results:

  • Nicotine dependence decreased in both groups over the 4-week intervention period.
  • The VLNC group showed a significantly greater mean decrease in nicotine dependence (Z-score of 1.0) compared to the CPD group (Z-score of 0.5).
  • The interaction effect between group and time was statistically significant (P=0.018).

Conclusions:

  • Gradually transitioning to VLNC cigarettes is more effective in reducing nicotine dependence than reducing CPD when both are supported by nicotine patches.
  • VLNC cigarette regulation may offer a promising public health strategy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependence reduction.