The role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cerebrovascular diseases

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Science
• Neuroscience
• Pathology

Background:

• Cerebrovascular diseases (CBD) are severe complications of atherosclerosis, significantly impacting patient quality of life and prognosis.
• Atherosclerosis is the primary driver of CBD, with risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and obesity accelerating its clinical manifestation.
• These risk factors promote endothelial dysfunction, a precursor to early atherosclerotic expression and subsequent cerebrovascular events.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the critical roles of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the development of cerebrovascular diseases (CBD).
• To elucidate the mechanisms linking common risk factors to CBD pathogenesis through the lens of vascular health.

Main Methods:

• This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cerebrovascular diseases.
• Analysis focuses on the interplay between risk factors, cellular processes, and the development of vascular lesions.

Main Results:

• Endothelial dysfunction is identified as a fundamental mechanism preceding the clinical expression of atherosclerosis and CBD.
• Oxidative stress emerges as a significant factor, negatively impacting endothelial cell function and promoting vascular damage.
• Inflammation associated with atherosclerosis contributes substantially to the development of CBD.

Conclusions:

• Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are pivotal in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases.
• Targeting these mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress and inflammation, may offer therapeutic strategies for preventing and managing CBD.