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Related Concept Videos

Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Update on hypoparathyroidism.

Natalie E Cusano1, John P Bilezikian2

  • 1Bone Metabolism Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoparathyroidism, a rare endocrine disorder, causes low parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to hypocalcemia. Recent findings highlight chronic manifestations and treatment options with PTH and its analogs.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Rare Diseases
  • Metabolic Bone Diseases

Background:

  • Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder defined by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.
  • This leads to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and reduced bone turnover, significantly impacting patients' quality of life.
  • The disease affects multiple organ systems, including renal, cardiovascular, and skeletal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on hypoparathyroidism prevalence and epidemiology.
  • To examine the risk of chronic manifestations and current treatment strategies.
  • To discuss the use of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its analogs in treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent epidemiologic surveys and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of data on chronic manifestations and quality of life impacts.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes with PTH(1-34) and rhPTH(1-84).

Main Results:

  • Prevalence estimates range from 5.3 to 40 per 100,000, confirming its orphan status.
  • Anterior neck surgery is the most common cause, with a female predominance.
  • Longer-term data on PTH and PTH analog use are becoming available.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism complications.
  • Interventions to decrease the future risk of complications require investigation.
  • More data are necessary on physiologic dosing and long-term efficacy of PTH therapies.