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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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Early Intervention Referral and Enrollment Among Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Elizabeth Peacock-Chambers1,2, JoAnna K Leyenaar3, Sheila Foss1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA.

Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP
|May 21, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Fewer than half of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) enroll in early intervention (EI). Discharge to biological parents and longer hospital stays improved EI referral and enrollment for these infants.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal care
  • Developmental pediatrics
  • Public health

Background:

  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) affects infants exposed to substances in utero.
  • Early Intervention (EI) services are crucial for developmental support in infants with NAS.
  • Understanding factors influencing EI referral and enrollment is vital for optimizing care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors associated with referral and enrollment in Early Intervention (EI) for infants diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 256 infants with NAS (2006-2013).
  • Linked maternal-infant hospitalization records with Department of Public Health EI records.
  • Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated factors.

Main Results:

  • 77% of infants with NAS were referred to EI, and 48% were enrolled.
  • Infants discharged to biological parents had higher EI referral rates (81% vs. 66%).
  • Longer hospital stays were associated with increased odds of EI enrollment (AOR 2.70).

Conclusions:

  • Less than half of eligible infants with NAS were enrolled in EI services.
  • Discharge to a biological parent and longer hospital stay were key factors for EI referral and enrollment.
  • Targeted efforts are needed to improve EI access for infants in foster care and those with shorter hospital stays.
Abstract

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