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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.5K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Proteins are...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of High-Temperature Sample Grids for Cryo-EM
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Late steps in bacterial translation initiation visualized using time-resolved cryo-EM.

Sandip Kaledhonkar1, Ziao Fu2, Kelvin Caban3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Nature
|May 21, 2019
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Summary

This study reveals the dynamic conformational changes during bacterial 70S initiation complex formation using time-resolved cryo-EM. It visualizes how initiation factors and fMet-tRNAfMet rearrange for translation elongation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacterial translation initiation involves forming a 70S complex from 30S and 50S subunits, initiator tRNA, and factors.
  • Initiation factors must dissociate for the 70S complex to elongate, but the dynamics and intermediates remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the conformational changes and intermediates during 70S initiation complex formation and maturation.
  • To understand the role of dynamics in regulating bacterial translation initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy (TR-cryo-EM) was employed to capture near-atomic resolution snapshots.
  • Analysis focused on conformational rearrangements of the ribosome, initiation factors, and fMet-tRNAfMet.

Main Results:

  • Visualized a time-ordered series of conformational changes driving subunit joining and factor dissociation.
  • Captured the dynamic rearrangements of fMet-tRNAfMet positioning during maturation to the elongation-competent state.

Conclusions:

  • TR-cryo-EM provides unprecedented insight into the mechanism and regulation of 70S complex formation.
  • The study clarifies the dynamic process of bacterial translation initiation and elongation competence.