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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure
Published on: July 30, 2009
Neuroimaging assessment in Down syndrome: a pictorial review
Marta Rodrigues1, Joana Nunes2, Sofia Figueiredo3
1Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, R. Conceição Fernandes, 1079, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. marta56169@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the leading genetic cause of intellectual incapacity worldwide, with a reported incidence of about 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,100 live births. Besides the several commonly known physical features characteristic of this syndrome present at birth, DS may additionally affect every organ system. In addition, despite the large number of published papers concerning this syndrome, there is scarce literature focusing specifically in the typical neuroimaging features associated with this condition. The aim of this paper is to review and systematize the distinctive characteristics and abnormalities of the central nervous system, head and neck, and spine present in DS patients that should actively be searched for and evaluated by radiologists and/or neuroradiologists.
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