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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
4.5K
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

5.0K
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
5.0K
Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Related Experiment Video

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Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury
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Functional and anatomical specificity in a higher olfactory centre.

Shahar Frechter1, Alexander Shakeel Bates1, Sina Tootoonian1,2,3

  • 1Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Elife
|May 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The study reveals that the Drosophila lateral horn (LH) has over 165 cell types that process olfactory information. These neurons exhibit stereotyped responses, enabling better odor categorization for innate behaviors.

Keywords:
D. melanogasterDrosophilacell typelateral Hornneuroanatomyneuroscienceolfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Insect Olfaction
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Sensory systems use parallel pathways for distinct stimulus processing.
  • Insects' olfactory system involves projection neurons targeting the mushroom body (learning) and lateral horn (innate behavior).
  • Mushroom body olfactory coding is sparse and not stereotyped; lateral horn coding is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the cell types and odor coding principles within the Drosophila lateral horn.
  • To understand how the lateral horn extracts innate behavioral significance from olfactory stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetic driver lines in Drosophila.
  • Applied anatomical and functional criteria for neuron characterization.
  • Analyzed odor responses and categorization capabilities of lateral horn neurons (LHNs).

Main Results:

  • The Drosophila LH comprises approximately 1400 neurons and over 165 cell types.
  • LHNs display stereotyped odor responses across individuals, unlike mushroom body neurons.
  • LHNs respond to more odors than projection neurons and are superior odor categorizers.

Conclusions:

  • The lateral horn exhibits a high degree of cellular diversity and stereotyped organization.
  • Stereotyped input pooling in LHNs likely underlies their enhanced odor categorization.
  • These findings elucidate principles of innate olfactory behavior processing in higher brain areas.