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Noble Gases

Noble Gases

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

The Evidence for Evolution

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

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Published on: June 21, 2017

Robust noble metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction.

Qiurong Shi¹, Chengzhou Zhu, Dan Du

¹School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA-99164, USA. yuehe.lin@wsu.edu.

Chemical Society Reviews

|May 22, 2019

Summary

Noble metal electrocatalysts (NMEs) are crucial for efficient oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in water electrolyzers. This review details NME engineering for enhanced OER performance and durability in renewable energy applications.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Renewable Energy

Background:

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is kinetically sluggish, requiring significant overpotential.
Noble metal-based electrocatalysts (NMEs) offer high current/power densities for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, despite research focus on non-precious alternatives.
Optimizing NMEs is vital for cost-effective renewable energy devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in engineering NMEs for OER catalysis.
To elucidate composition/structure-performance and activity-stability relationships.
To provide insights into challenges and future directions for NME development.

Main Methods:

Review of recent progress in composition and structure optimization of Ir- and Ru-based oxides/alloys, and other noble metals.
Integration of experimental and theoretical studies to understand fundamental science and mechanisms.
Analysis of metal-support interaction, size effect, doping, phase transformation, degradation, and single-atom catalysis.

Main Results:

Covered recent progress in NMEs for OER, including various compositions, morphologies, and structures.
Integrated studies illuminated key factors influencing OER performance and stability.
Identified critical aspects like metal-support interactions and degradation pathways.

Conclusions:

Rational engineering of NMEs is essential for high-efficiency, durable OER electrocatalysts.
Understanding fundamental mechanisms is key to designing next-generation catalysts.
Future work should focus on overcoming challenges for practical renewable energy applications.