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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

Perception of upper lip augmentation utilizing simulated photography.

Gary Linkov¹, Elizabeth Wick¹, Dorina Kallogjeri¹

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Archives of Plastic Surgery

|May 23, 2019

Summary

The natural lip appearance was perceived as most attractive and healthy compared to simulated upper lip filler and surgical lip lift procedures. This study highlights how lip augmentation techniques affect societal perceptions.

Keywords:

Injections Lip Perception Surgery, plastic

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Area of Science:

Aesthetic medicine and facial rejuvenation.
Social psychology and perception studies.

Background:

Limited direct comparisons exist between surgical lip lifts and upper lip fillers for optimal patient outcomes.
The societal impact of upper lip augmentation on perceptions of attractiveness, success, and health in women remains largely unexamined.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the perceived aesthetic and social outcomes of surgical lip lifting versus upper lip filler injections.
To investigate the effect of upper lip augmentation on societal perceptions of attractiveness, success, and health.

Main Methods:

A blinded observer study involving 217 participants rating 45 images of patient lower faces.
Images depicted natural lip appearance, simulated upper lip filler, and simulated surgical lip lift.
Perceptions of attractiveness, success, and health were measured on a visual analog scale (0-100).

Main Results:

The natural lip appearance received significantly higher attractiveness scores than both simulated filler (1.5 points higher) and simulated lip lift (2.6 points higher).
Perceived attractiveness, success, and health scores were strongly correlated within individual observers.
The natural lip condition scored highest, followed by simulated filler, and then simulated lip lift.

Conclusions:

Simulated upper lip augmentation is suitable for social perception analysis.
Observer ratings for attractiveness, success, and health showed strong internal consistency.
Natural lip appearance is perceived more favorably than augmented lips, with fillers outperforming surgical lifts in social perception.